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Next station crew
Expedition 10 Commander and NASA ISS Science Officer Leroy Chiao and Soyuz Commander and Flight Engineer Salizhan Sharipov discuss their planned six-month mission on the space station. (11min 23sec file)
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Station crew set for EVA
Space station officials brief the news media on the continuing mission of the Expedition 9 crew and the plan for an upcoming spacewalk. (58min 42sec file)
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Welcome back to Earth
The Apollo 11 astronauts are retrieved from their capsule and welcomed back to Earth by President Richard Nixon. (2min 04sec file)
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Apollo 11 returns
Apollo 11 safely returns to Earth, making a parachute-assisted splashdown in the ocean. (3min 57sec file)
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MESSENGER preview
Mission officials and scientists preview the flight of NASA's MESSENGER space probe to orbit the planet Mercury during this news conference. (41min 36sec file)
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Apollo 11 moonwalk
Armstrong and Aldrin gather lunar samples and conduct experiments during their moonwalk. (2min 27sec file)
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Moon landing explained
The Apollo 11 astronauts narrate footage of their historic landing on the moon and describe the technical details of the descent. (22min 02sec file)
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Leaving the moon
The Eagle lunar module returns to the orbiting command module and the Apollo 11 astronauts head back to Earth. (5min 33sec file)
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Nixon calls the moon
President Richard Nixon calls Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin to congratulate the astronauts following their successful landing on the moon. (1min 29sec file)
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Anniversary celebration
The Apollo 11 astronauts and other dignitaries hold a special 35th anniversary celebration in Washington on July 20. Hear from Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins, Walter Cronkite, NASA Administrator O'Keefe and others. (76min 12sec file)
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Heading for landing
The "Eagle" lunar lander undocks from the "Columbia" command module in preparation for landing. (1min 21sec file)
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The Eagle has landed!
The Apollo 11 spacecraft "Eagle" lands on the moon 35 years ago, delivering Armstrong and Aldrin. (2min 04sec file)
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Walking on the moon
Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin step foot on the surface of the moon on July 20 1969, forever changing history. (11min 17sec file)
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Shuttle engine test
One of the liquid-fueled main engines that will power space shuttle Discovery on the return-to-flight mission next spring is test-fired at NASA's Stennis Space Center. (1min 56sec file)
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Cronkite interview
Famed CBS News anchorman Walter Cronkite recalls the Apollo 11 mission in this interview on NASA Television. (3min 15sec file)
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Apollo 11 crew interview
An interview with astronauts Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin takes viewers in a retrospective through the Apollo 11 mission. (30min 39sec file)
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Scientists explain mysterious plasma jets on the Sun
LOCKHEED MARTIN NEWS RELEASE
Posted: July 28, 2004

Solar physicists from Lockheed Martin and the Solar Physics and upper-Atmosphere Research Group at the Department of Applied Mathematics of the University of Sheffield, UK have used computer modeling and some of the highest resolution images ever taken of the solar atmosphere to explain the cause of supersonic jets that continuously shoot through the low atmosphere of the Sun.


This image, taken at the Swedish 1-meter Solar Telescope on the island of La Palma, Spain, shows Active Region 10380 on the Sun. Credit: Lockheed Martin
 
Their results, which appear as the cover story in the July 29 issue of the journal Nature, directly address the origin of these jets, called spicules. The origin of spicules has been a mystery since their discovery in 1877. These findings may well lead to a better understanding of how matter is propelled upward into the solar corona to form the solar wind, a stream of particles continuously emitted by the Sun that sweeps past Earth's orbit. Disturbances in the solar wind can influence the upper atmosphere and space environment around the Earth and damage satellites in orbit.

"The combination of computer modeling, new high resolution images taken with the Swedish 1-meter Solar Telescope (SST) on the island of La Palma, Spain and data taken simultaneously with two satellites in space, was crucial to figure out how spicules are formed," said Dr. Bart De Pontieu, one of the main investigators on the study, and solar physicist at the Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Lab (LMSAL) at the company's Advanced Technology Center in Palo Alto, Calif. "We used a computer model to provide the missing link between observations of the surface of the Sun, taken with the MDI instrument onboard ESA/NASA's Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) satellite, and observations of the jets in the low solar atmosphere taken with the SST and NASA's Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) satellite."

Spicules are jets of gas or plasma propelled upwards from the surface of the Sun. They shoot into its atmosphere or corona at supersonic speeds of about 50,000 miles per hour, and reach heights of 3,000 miles above the solar surface in less than five minutes. Although there are over 100,000 spicules at any time in the Sun's low atmosphere, or chromosphere, they remain largely unexplained, in part because observations are difficult for objects with so brief a lifetime (about five minutes) and relatively small size (300 miles diameter).

By simultaneously taking a series of high resolution images with the Swedish Solar Telescope, showing details down to 80 miles, and with the TRACE satellite, we discovered that these jets often occur periodically, usually every five minutes or so, at the same location," said Professor Robertus Erdelyi von Fay-Siebenbuergen, the other main investigator on the study, and professor in applied mathematics at the Solar Physics and upper-Atmosphere Research Group of the University of Sheffield, UK. "We developed a computer model of the Sun's atmosphere to show that the periodicity of the spicules is caused by sound waves at the solar surface that have the same five minute period."

The sound waves at the solar surface are usually damped before they can reach the Sun's atmosphere. However, De Pontieu, Erdelyi and Stewart James, a newly graduated Ph.D. under the supervision of Professor Erdelyi at the University of Sheffield, found that under certain conditions, the sound waves can penetrate through the damping zone and leak into the solar atmosphere. Their computer model shows that after the sound waves leak into the atmosphere, they develop into shock waves that propel matter upwards, forming a spicule.

De Pontieu and his colleagues measured actual waves and oscillations at the surface of the Sun, using these measurements to drive their computer model of the solar atmosphere, which then predicted when jets of gas should shoot up. They were pleasantly surprised to see that the model predicts very accurately when jets should be observed on the Sun with the SST and TRACE.

"Spicules carry more than 100 times the mass into the Sun's atmosphere required to feed the solar wind," said De Pontieu, "which means that they are of huge importance for the balance of how much mass goes into and out of the corona." With the origins of spicules revealed, it will be possible to study whether the mass that spicules carry into the solar corona contributes to the solar wind. Future studies will also focus on the role the shock waves may play in the higher solar atmosphere or corona.

The results of this study are in a paper published in the journal Nature. The authors are Dr. Bart De Pontieu of Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Lab, and Professor Robertus Erdelyi von Fay-Siebenbuergen and Dr. Stewart James of The Solar Physics and upper-Atmosphere Research Group at the Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Sheffield, UK. Funding for the studies came from NASA, the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council of the UK and the Hungarian National Science Foundation.

The Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Lab is part of Lockheed Martin's Advanced Technology Center -- the research and development organization of Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company. Headquartered in Bethesda, Md., Lockheed Martin employs about 130,000 people worldwide and is principally engaged in the research, design, development, manufacture and integration of advanced technology systems, products and services. The corporation reported 2003 sales of $31.8 billion.