Five satellites ride Russian rocket into orbit BY STEPHEN CLARK SPACEFLIGHT NOW Posted: September 26, 2000
Liftoff occurred at 1005 GMT (6:05 a.m. EDT) from a silo at Launch Complex 109 at Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan. The blast-off of the former ballistic missile was delayed on two consecutive launch attempts on August 25 and 26 due to a variety of reasons, including abnormal readings during the first stage's pressurization process. The rocket was later replaced. TiungSat-1 was built by the UK-based Surrey Satellite Technology Limited (SSTL) for Astronautic Technology, SDN, BHD (ATSB) of the Malaysian government. It will be Malaysia's first microsatellite and was manufactured by SSTL under a technology transfer program. Its payload includes four cameras for multi-spectral Earth imaging and meteorological Earth imaging purposes. These cameras range in resolution from 80 meters to 1200 meters. Also included on the 120-pound spacecraft are digital Store and Forward communications equipment, the Cosmic-ray Energy Disposition Experiment (CEDEX) to monitor radiation and GPS orbit determination equipment. The basic shape of the craft is cubic with a large boom extending out of one side that will be unfurled shortly after spacecraft separation. TiungSat means "minor bird" in the native language of Malaysia. SSTL officials say that potential uses of TiungSat-1 include providing data on various natural resources on Earth, monitoring weather and tracking hurricanes, providing e-mail, internet access, scientific data exchange, fax and voice-mail services to users on the ground, and radiation monitoring in the vicinity of the spacecraft. The government of Malaysia established ATSB to implement a national microsatellite and minisatellite program. The technology transfer contract established with SSTL includes training eight Malaysian aerospace and mechanical engineers in spacecraft construction and operations. The eight engineers were trained first-hand during the construction of TiungSat-1 at Surrey Space Center at the University of Surrey in Guildford, United Kingdom -- the operating location for SSTL. Their training will continue through the launch.
The objective of the ATSB program is to generate a staff of trained and experienced people who will institute the capability for satellite design throughout both the Malaysian government and private corporations. MegSat-1 will operate for MegSat, the space division within the Meggiorin group of Italy. Like TiungSat-1, it will also feature a basic cubic shape. Weighing more than 110 pounds (more than 50 kg), it will offer 64 kilobytes per second (KBPS) Store and Forward communications during its four and a half year lifetime. Also included on the spacecraft are two scientific payloads. One will measure UV emissions from the aurora borealis and the other will study microgravity conditions. Some other uses for MegSat-1 include testing out new systems for reading gas and water meters on homes. It is the second in a series of microsatellites to be built by MegSat -- the first, MegSat-0, was launched last year. The development of both spacecraft, including launch and mission operations, is expected to cost MegSat around $7 million. The Dnepr-1 will also loft the UniSat microsatellite for the University of Rome, Italy, and the SaudiSat 1A and 1B microsatellites for the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) Space Research Institute of Saudi Arabia. All of the above payloads were to be placed into a circular orbit with an altitude of around 650 kilometers and an inclination of 65 degrees. The Dnepr-1 rocket is a three-stage design and stands over 100 feet tall. The first stage is powered by a single RD-264 engine with four chambers and four nozzles. The second stage uses RD-0229 engines. The third stage provides a "spin-up" for spacecraft separation. The rocket is marketed by ISC Kosmotras, a Russian company that has converted former Soviet SS-18 Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) to be used as commercial space launch vehicles. The SS-18 ICBMs were built by the NPO Yuzhnoye State Design Bureau. The vehicle can be launched in any temperature and humidity, but the winds must be below 25 meters per second. This launch will be the second for Kosmotras -- the first successfully occurred from Baikonur in April of 1999 using a Dnepr-1. ISC Kosmotras officials say they expect a "great number of officials, launch observers, and specialists from many countries interested in using Dnepr (-1), such as Italy, USA, Saudi Arabia, UK, Malaysia, France and representatives of European Space Agency," according to a company statement. |
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