Live coverage of the countdown and launch of a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida with the Korea Lunar Pathfinder Orbiter mission. Follow us on Twitter.
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South Korea’s first mission to the moon lifted off at 7:08 p.m. EDT (2308 GMT) Thursday from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida. The launch was the second of the day from Florida’s Space Coast, marking the shortest turnaround between launches at Cape Canaveral since 1967.
The Falcon 9 lifted off from Space Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral with the Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter, a 1,495-pound (678-kilogram) spacecraft the size of a large refrigerator that will collect data on lunar geology and search for evidence of water ice hidden in craters at the moon’s poles.
The rocket’s first stage landed on SpaceX’s drone ship “Just Read the Instructions” parked downrange in the Atlantic Ocean east of Cape Canaveral.
The launch of the Falcon 9 rocket Thursday evening occurred 12 hours and 39 minutes after the liftoff of a United Launch Alliance Atlas 5 rocket with a U.S. military missile warning satellite at 6:29 a.m. EDT (1029 GMT) from pad 41, located about a mile-and-a-half (2.5 kilometers) north of SpaceX’s launch complex.
The last time there was such a short span between two orbital-class rockets lifting off from Cape Canaveral was on Sept. 7 and 8, 1967, when a Thor Delta G rocket and an Atlas Centaur rocket launched less than 10 hours apart. The Thor Delta G rocket launched a recoverable spacecraft called Biosatellite 2 with a host of biological research experiments, and the Atlas Centaur sent NASA’s Surveyor 5 lander to the moon.
A moon mission made up the second half of Thursday’s doubleheader, too.
The KPLO mission is a pathfinder, or precursor, for South Korea’s future ambitions in space exploration, which include a robotic landing on the moon in the early 2030s. South Korea has also signed up to join the NASA-led Artemis Accords, and could contribute to the U.S. space agency’s human lunar exploration program.
The KPLO mission is also named Danuri, a combination of the words “dal” and “nurida” in Korean, meaning “enjoy the moon.”
“The basic idea of this mission is technological development and demonstration,” said Eunhyeuk Kim, the mission’s project scientist from the Korea Aerospace Research Institute. “Also, using the science instruments, we are hoping to get some useful data on the lunar surface.”
The mission carries six science instruments and technology demonstration payloads.
KPLO will test a new South Korean spacecraft platform designed for deep space operations, along with new communication, control, and navigation capabilities, including the validation of an “interplanetary internet” connection using a disruption tolerant network.
The mission’s scientific objectives include mapping the lunar surface to help select future landing sites, surveying resources like water ice on the moon, and probing the radiation environment near the moon.
The mission cost about $180 million to develop. The Falcon 9 rocket launched the KPLO spacecraft toward the moon on a low-energy, fuel-efficient ballistic lunar transfer trajectory, a path being pioneered by NASA’s small CAPSTONE spacecraft, a tech demo mission that launched in June on a Rocket Lab mission and is scheduled to slip into orbit around the moon in November.
Instead of reaching the moon in a few days, like NASA’s Apollo missions, KPLO will take about four months to complete the journey.
KPLO’s arrival date at the moon is fixed on Dec. 16. The Falcon 9 propelled the spacecraft on a trajectory that will take it close to the L1 Lagrange point, a gravitationally-stable location nearly a million miles (1.5 million kilometers) from the daytime side of the Earth, some four times farther than the moon.
Gravitational forces will naturally pull the spacecraft back toward the Earth and the moon, where the Korean probe will be captured in orbit Dec. 16. A series of propulsive maneuvers with the spacecraft’s thrusters will steer KPLO into a circular low-altitude orbit about 60 miles (100 kilometers) from the lunar surface by New Year’s Eve.
After a month of commissioning and tests, the spacecraft’s year-long primary science mission should begin around Feb. 1. If the orbiter has enough fuel, mission managers could consider an extended mission beginning in 2024, Kim said.
The launch Thursday was SpaceX’s 34th Falcon 9 flight of the year. The KPLO launch was also the 32nd space mission of the year from Cape Canaveral to fly into orbit or toward more distant destinations.
Stationed inside a firing room at a launch control center at Cape Canaveral, SpaceX’s launch team began loading super-chilled, densified kerosene and liquid oxygen propellants into the 229-foot-tall (70-meter) Falcon 9 vehicle at T-minus 35 minutes.
Helium pressurant also flowed into the rocket in the last half-hour of the countdown. In the final seven minutes before liftoff, the Falcon 9’s Merlin main engines were thermally conditioned for flight through a procedure known as “chilldown.” The Falcon 9’s guidance and range safety systems were also configured for launch.
After liftoff, the Falcon 9 rocket vectored its 1.7 million pounds of thrust — produced by nine Merlin engines — to steer east over the Atlantic Ocean.
The rocket exceeded the speed of sound in about one minute, then shut down its nine main engines two-and-a-half minutes after liftoff. The booster stage released from the Falcon 9’s upper stage, then fired pulses from cold gas control thrusters and extended titanium grid fins to help steer the vehicle back into the atmosphere.
Two braking burns slowed the rocket for landing on the drone ship “Just Read the Instructions” around 400 miles (640 kilometers) downrange approximately nine minutes after liftoff.
The booster flying on the KPLO mission, known as B1052, launched on its sixth trip to space. It debuted as a side booster on two SpaceX Falcon Heavy missions in 2019, then SpaceX teams converted its to fly as a Falcon 9 rocket.
While the first stage came back to Earth for landing, the Falcon 9’s upper stage fired its single Merlin engine two times, first for six minutes to reach a parking orbit, then again at T+plus 34 minutes for a 60-second burn to send the KPLO spacecraft on the way to the moon.
Separation of the KPLO spacecraft was a confirmed at T+plus 40 minutes, 16 seconds. The probe was expected to extend its solar panels and begin transmitting to ground controllers within about 20 minutes of deployment from the Falcon 9, according to KARI.
ROCKET: Falcon 9 (B1052.6)
PAYLOAD: Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter
LAUNCH SITE: SLC-40, Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida
LAUNCH DATE: Aug. 4, 2022
LAUNCH TIME: 7:08:48 p.m. EDT (2308:48 GMT)
WEATHER FORECAST: 80% chance of acceptable weather; Low risk of upper level winds; Low risk of unfavorable conditions for booster recovery
BOOSTER RECOVERY: “Just Read the Instructions” drone ship east of Cape Canaveral
LAUNCH AZIMUTH: East
TARGET ORBIT: Ballistic lunar transfer trajectory
LAUNCH TIMELINE:
- T+00:00: Liftoff
- T+01:12: Maximum aerodynamic pressure (Max-Q)
- T+02:31: First stage main engine cutoff (MECO)
- T+02:34: Stage separation
- T+02:42: Second stage engine start (SES 1)
- T+03:15: Fairing jettison
- T+06:49: First stage entry burn ignition (three engines)
- T+07:19: First stage entry burn cutoff
- T+08:33: Second stage engine cutoff (SECO 1)
- T+09:01: First stage landing
- T+34:15: Second stage engine start (SES 2)
- T+35:15: Second stage engine cutoff (SECO 2)
- T+40:16: KPLO spacecraft separation
MISSION STATS:
- 168th launch of a Falcon 9 rocket since 2010
- 176th launch of Falcon rocket family since 2006
- 6th launch of Falcon 9 booster B1052
- 145th Falcon 9 launch from Florida’s Space Coast
- 93rd Falcon 9 launch from pad 40
- 148th launch overall from pad 40
- 110th flight of a reused Falcon 9 booster
- 3rd dedicated SpaceX launch for South Korean customer
- 2nd SpaceX launch with lunar payload
- 34th Falcon 9 launch of 2022
- 34th launch by SpaceX in 2022
- 34th orbital launch attempt based out of Cape Canaveral in 2022
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